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HomeEvidence CodeDiv. 11Ch. 2Art. 1§ 1522 Excluding Secondary Evidence

§ 1522 Excluding Secondary Evidence

Evidence Code·California
AI Summary·Official Text·Key Terms·Related Statutes·References
AI SummaryVerified

§ 1522 Excluding Secondary Evidence

Key Takeaways

  • •If you have the original document in a criminal case, you must show it in court—you can't just use a copy.
  • •If you don't show the original when you have it, the judge can say 'no' to using the copy as evidence.
  • •This rule doesn’t apply to duplicates, unimportant writings, or public records.

Example

You’re in court for a crime, and you have the original contract that proves your side of the story.

If you try to use a photocopy instead of the real contract, the judge can block it and say, 'Show the original or we won’t use it.'

AI-generated — May contain errors. Not legal advice. Always verify source.

Official Source
View on CA.gov

§ 1522 Excluding Secondary Evidence

(a) In addition to the grounds for exclusion authorized by Section 1521, in a criminal action the court shall exclude secondary evidence of the content of a writing if the court determines that the original is in the proponent’s possession, custody, or control, and the proponent has not made the original reasonably available for inspection at or before trial. This section does not apply to any of the following: (1) A duplicate as defined in Section 260. (2) A writing that is not closely related to the controlling issues in the action. (3) A copy of a writing in the custody of a public entity. (4) A copy of a writing that is recorded in the public records, if the record or a certified copy of it is made evidence of the writing by statute. (b) In a criminal action, a request to exclude secondary evidence of the content of a writing, under this section or any other law, shall not be made in the presence of the jury. (Added by Stats. 1998, Ch. 100, Sec. 2. Effective January 1, 1999.)

Last verified: January 22, 2026

Key Terms

secondary evidenceoriginalproponent’s possessionreasonably available for inspectionduplicatepublic entitypublic records

Related Statutes

  • § 1521 Secondary Evidence Admissibility
  • § 1220 Admissions Against Party
  • § 1221 Adopted Statement Exception
  • § 1222 Authorized Party Statements Admissible
  • § 1223 Conspiracy Statement Admissibility

References

  • Official text at leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
  • California Legislature. Evidence Code. Section 1522.
View Official Source